Massive Audio PAT 2 Manual de usuario

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Amplifier Anatomy - Part 1
By: Patrick Quilter, Chief Technical Officer
QSC Audio Products, Inc.
Article in Sound & Video Contractor Feb. 20, 1993
What do power amplifiers do? Power amplifiers drive loudspeakers. After an audio signal has
been mixed, equalized and otherwise processed at a standardized line level, it is sent to the
power amplifier. Its job is to increase the power of the signal until we get the desired sound level
from the loudspeakers, without otherwise altering the waveform of the signal.
We need to talk about loudspeakers for a moment. A loudspeaker is an electromagnetic device that
converts electric current into motion at audio frequencies. Because of the weight og the cone
and the unavoidable resistive losses in the voice coil, it takes a lot of power to produce a high
sound level. We know (especially if we read last month’s article, “Mr. Ohm and His Talking Elec-
trons”) that electric power is a product of voltage and current.
Loudspeaker cone movement is proportional to the current in the voice coil. The amount of heat
in the amplifier components is also proportional to current. However, it takes voltage to make the
current flow, so a power amplifier must deliver high voltage and current simultaneously. Loud-
speakers are generally made with a voice coil resistance of about 8 ohms, so the amplifier must
produce 8V across the loudspeaker terminals to cause a 1A current to flow. This means that
ideally the amplifier works into an impedance of 8 ohms.
In the real world, the impedance of loudspeakers is more complex. As the cone moves, it gener-
ates electrical back pressure, which can increase or decrease the current flow from the amplifier.
Because of interactions with air pressure in the loudspeaker cabinet, the cone motion varies
greatly, especially in the bass region. Therefore, the loudspeaker’s impedance varies at different
frequencies, and may range from 4 ohms to 20 ohms, averaging about 8 ohms. In addition, more
than one 8 ohm loudspeaker may be connected to the amplifier. For these reasons, most profes-
sional amplifiers are built to work into impedances as low as 2 ohms, which will draw up to four
times the normal current. The amplifier must also withstand very high impedances in case the
load is disconnected. This requirement is normally not a problem because the current flow with
no load
is zero.
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Pagina 1 - Amplifier Anatomy - Part 1

Amplifier Anatomy - Part 1By: Patrick Quilter, Chief Technical OfficerQSC Audio Products, Inc.Article in Sound & Video Contractor Feb. 20, 1993Wh

Pagina 2

amount of feedback that can be used.The only fundamental cure is to reduce the circuit lag by using high-speed components. There hasbeen a lot of prog

Pagina 3

SWITCHING AMPLIFIERSRemember those classes D, E and F that we promised we would talk about in Part I? As you haveseen, heat in the output transistors

Pagina 4

Fan cooling creates noise in the chassis, but it dramatically reduces the size of the heatsink. Be-cause of the increased power ratings of modern ampl

Pagina 6

AMPLIFIER POWERWe all know that the amplifier’s power rating tells us how loud the amplifier will get. A “200W at 8ohm” amplifier is designed to deliv

Pagina 7

ume. This ability is called flat frequency response because the graph of amplifier gain vs.frequency is a flat line.If the gain at low frequencies fal

Pagina 8 - Amplifier Anatomy - - Part 2

A full-wave bridge rectifier circuit uses four diodes. Each diode passes current only in the directionof the arrow. If you follow the current flow aro

Pagina 9

SWITCHING POWER SUPPLIESThe size and weight of power-supply components has been somewhat reduced over the last 20years, but progress has been slow bec

Pagina 10

method of cascading is on of the major differences among amplifier designs, and it would doublethe length of this article to fully review these method

Pagina 11

move together. Each transistor can, therefore, deliver a faithful replica of the signal all by itself,except for the large idle current.If we were to

Pagina 12

there was 60 “unused” volts wasted in the output transistors.In a class G amplifier, we have on set of transistors connected to a lower voltage supply

Pagina 13

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK AND DISTORTIONIn Part I, we mentioned that transistors are not inherentlyperfect magnifiers. Most of the advancedcircuit techniques

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